Modem Descendants of Latin 399 junctive first person plural, e g demos un paseo (let us take a walk) If the request involves someone to whom it is not directly addressed, the third person of the subjunctive is used in both languages, e g in French, qtfil attends (let htrn wait1),, in Spanish gue no entre nadie (let nobody come in!). NEGATION AND INTERROGATION The predominant negative particle of Latin was non> which survives as such in Italian The Spanish equivalent is no, Portuguese nao The Spanish no always precedes the verb and can be separated from it only by a pronoun object or reflexive In its original form the Latin non (like our English no) survives in French as an answer to a question or as an interjection In Spanish, double negation is common The particle no accompanies the verb even when the sentence contains other words which have an explicitly negative meaning, eg ninguno (no), nadie (nobody), nada (nothing), jamds or nunca (never) Thus a Spaniard says no importa nada (it doesn't signify nothing = it doesn't matter) Simi- larly, Italians use non with the verb of a sentence which contains nessuno, mente> mdla Such constructions are analogous to the obligatory double- barrelled negation of French (ne , pas> ne . * jamais^ ne . neny etc ) explained in Chapter VIII (p 340) Double negations (eg/ dorft want no more nonsense) were not tabu in Mayflower English The following are illustrative English: I do not see anybody English: what does he say? . . , Nothing. French je ne vois personne. French que dit-iP-nen Spanish no veo a nadie Spanish qui dice^nada Italian non vedo nessuno Italian che dice?-mente The French words which go with the verb preceded by ne are aucun (no, none), nul (none), personne (nobody), nen (nothing), plus (no more), •amais (never), e g il r? avail nen a dire (he had nothing to say), aucun des delegues nyest present (none of the delegates is present) When they stand alone in answer to a question, aucun, nen> jamais, personne are negative, e g who is here^ Personnel what did he say? Rienf In reply to a question demanding a straight yes or no> Romans repeated the verb of the question. Tofeast^ne? (did you do it?), the reply was stcfeci (so did I), or won feci (I did not) In Spanish, si derived from sic is the affirmative particle (yes). French has two, st and out (Old French oil, from Latin hoc ille) Si> or stronger, si, si* (You don't love me any more? Yes, yes, I do) Neither Teutonic nor Romance languages have a single clear-cut and