Modern Descendants of Latin

363

correct form is one of the most troublesome things for a beginner. This
is so for several reasons:

ROMANCE PERSONAL PRONOUNS—STRESSED* FORMS

ME
(THEE)
HIM
HER
us

FRENCH
MOI
TCI
LUI
ELLE
NOUS

PORTUGUESE
MIM
TI
ELE
ELA
NOS

SPANISH!
MI
TI
EL
ELLA
NOSOTROS

ITALIAN
ME
TE
LUI
(ESSO)
LEI
(ESSA)
NOT

YOU
THEM (m )
THEM (f)
REFLEXIVE

FRENCH
VOUS
EUX
ELLES
SOI

PORTUGUESE
VOS
ELES
ELAS
SI

SPANISH!
VOSOTROS
ELLOS
ELLAS
SI

ITALIAN
VOI
LORD
SE

(ESSI) (ESSE)

* Stressed forms always used when preceded by a preposition
t There is a stressed neuter Spanish pronoun ELLO (== it). see footnote
p 359 For feminine forms of NOSOTROS, VOSOTROS see p 331

(i) Pronouns of the third person have separate direct object (accusative)
and indirect object (dative) forms,

(u) Pronouns of all three persons have separate unstressed (conjunctive)
forms as subject or object of an accompanying verb and stressed (disjunc-
tive) forms for use after a preposition and in certain other situations,

(111) The rules of concord for the possessive of the third person have
nothing to do with the gender of the possessor,

(iv) Pronouns may agglutinate with other words ,

(v) Pronouns of the second person have different polite and familiar
forms

The personal flexions of the Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian verb
are still intact It is customary to use Portuguese, Spanish, or Italian
verbs without an accompanying subject pronoun, though the latter is
handy for emphasis or greater clarity, e g :

ENGLISH
he is good

FRENCH

il est bofi

PORTUGUESE

e bom

SPANISH
es bueno

ITALIAN
e buono