The Classification of Languages 183

is indebted to the other. This apphes to word-similanties which the
Celuc and Teutonic gioups do not share with other Aryan languages
The common woids of this class are all nouns, some of which are

TENSES OF THE VERB BE IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES
(PRONOUNS ONLY USED FOR EMPHASIS IN BRACKETS)

ENGLISH
BRENCH
SPANISH
LATIN
ITALIAN

' I am
je suts
(yo) soy
(ego) sum
(10) sono

4-J
thou art
tu es
(tu) eres
(tu) es
(tu) sei

S
he is
il est
(cl)es
(ille) est
(egh) e

<L>
we are
nous sommes
(nosotros) somos
(nos) sumus
(noi) siamo

cu
you are
vous Cte^
(vosotros) sois
(vob) estis
(voi) siete

^ they are
ils sont
(ellos) son
(illi) sunt
(essi) sono

4-1
I was (used to
j'etais
era
eram
ero

o
be)

£
thou wert
tu 6tai^
eras
eias
en

K§
he was
ti Man
era
erat
era

we were
nous etiont
eranios
eramus
eravamo

$
you were
vous etiez
erais
eratib
eravate

p.
..they were
ils itaient
eran
erant
erano

0
'I was
je fas
fuf
fui
fui

a
thou weit
tu fab
fiuste
fuusti
tosti

<u
he was
ilfut
fue
fuit
fu

Q
we were
nous tumes
fuimos
fuimub
fummo

to
you were
vous futcs
fuisteis
fuistis
foste

cS
^ they wci e
ils furent
fueron
fucrunt
furono

" I shall be
ie '»Ci.si
sere
ero
sai6

D
thou wilt be
ta seras
seras
em
sarai

y
he will be
il sera
sera
cut
sara

3
we shall be
nous seiono
seiemos
eri>wis
saremo

&
you will be
vous sere-i
seieis
t,rit>i>
sarete

^they will be
lib seiont
scran
ci unt
saranno

(ro) BE
JtfRF
SEE
ESSE
ESSERE

names for metals, tools and vehicles. This does not indicate that there
is a particulaily close evolutionary relationship between Celtic and
Teutonic in the sense defined above Other features show that a
wide gulf separates them. Archaeological evidence suggest* that the
Teutons took over words with die arts they assimilated from Celtic

communities at a higher cultural level